China s Influence On The People s Republic Of China

When discussing Communism in regards to climate change and the importance placed upon its respecting policies it is perhaps best and most relevant to focus upon the People’s Republic of China. This is due to both China’s size and influence, along with its ranking as the leading producer of CO2 worldwide. Present day China is not a purely Communist country according to the teachings of classical/neo-Marxism or orthodox Communism. Rather it’s more of political Stalinism infused with market-oriented economic reform. Resulting from Deng Xiaoping’s attempt to save the country from Mao Zedong’s failing social and economics in the early 1970’s. This is important to note as this dissertation focuses not on hypothetical political ideological viewpoints, but rather on the real world implementation of said political ideologies. The ‘Chinese Communism’ views regarding the environment encompass the Marxist ideology on natural resources – that natural resources are free have no intrinsic value; their sole purpose is to serve, not to constrain humans. This holds true today even as China makes strides alongside other global superpowers such as the United States to curb climate change. This contradiction is accounted for as â€Å"the issues of climate change has elevated from a non-stream issue to perhaps the biggest and most important threat to national security.† (Ming-Teh, H., Liu, T. T. , 2011) Threats caused from climate change are largely due in part to China’s energy production andShow MoreRelatedChina s Problems Of Dystopian Society1426 Words   |  6 PagesChina s Problems Andrew Bond Ms. Underhill HELA November 21 2016 China has been the biggest economic structure for quite along time, but there are horrible reasons for these, and these decisions are made by the people s republic of china. The people s republic is China s government, and they make all the decisions.A dystopian society is an unbalance in a nation about the people and the government; such as china, the people s republic of china, or their government, makesRead MoreChin China s History1152 Words   |  5 PagesChina China’s history dates back to four thousand plus years. In that time, China has created a culture rich in philosophy and the arts. China has made amazing technological advances such as silk, paper, gunpowder, and many other products. Chinese records reach over five thousand years back. It is difficult to cover even the most important events of this old society in a short space, yet here are some highlights. The first dynasty to rule China was the Shang Dynasty (1600-1046 BCE), followed byRead MoreChin Culture, Economic, Political, Military Perspective1060 Words   |  5 PagesChina: culture, economic, political, military perspective Class 13D 003-17 SGT Moreno, Adam Introduction China is a nation in East Asia whose vast landscape covers grassland, desert, mountains, lakes, rivers and more than 14,000km (8699.1967mi) of coastline. China borders 14 different countries; Afghanistan, Pakistan, Vietnam, North Korea, Russia, Bhutan, Burma, Nepal, Laos, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, and India (Kallie Szczepanski). The capital Beijing mixes modernRead MoreEducation And Development Of Special Education949 Words   |  4 Pageseducation in China. Special education schools emerged in the late 19th century with special schools that served those who were blind and deaf (Deng, Poon-McBrayer Farnsworth, 2001, p. 289-290). â€Å"Education for individual with mental retardation or other disabilities was nonexistent† (Deng et al., p. 289-290). The foundation of the People’s Republic of China established in 1949 is often considered the actual start of special education services in China. From the 1950’s to 1980’s, the Chines eRead MoreChina Between The Republic Of China1661 Words   |  7 PagesAfter The Chinese Civil War ended in 1950, a separation of ‘‘old’’ China between the Republic of China (ROC, commonly known as â€Å"Taiwan†) and the People’s Republic of China (PRC, commonly known as â€Å"China†) created legal and political dilemmas (Hsieh, 2016). They both declare the island of Taiwan is an integral part of their territories. Until the 1990s, Taiwan was able to conquer her diplomatic isolation by expanding the international trade and investment flows to all of her business partners regardlessRead MoreChin Torn Apart Or Mended By The Rule Of Zedong1452 Words   |  6 PagesChina: Torn Apart Or Mended By The Rule Of Mao Zedong There is controversy whether the rule of Mao Zedong was beneficial or destructive, though by looking into the depths of history the answer is revealed. As Mao Zedong took control over China on October 1, 1949, he immediately installed many reformations to China’s economy, culture, and government. These reformations proved to be devastating towards the people of China. After decolonization Mao Zedong’s enforcement of communism and internationalRead MoreOver The Course Of History We Have Seen Examples Of When1127 Words   |  5 PagesOver the course of history we have seen examples of when news and entertainment shapes how people view the world. However, sources of that information is bent, altered and ratified in order to fulfill an agenda. The four reasons to spy is, money, ideology, coercion and ego, over the course we have observed how espionage has shaped the world and what is their impact on societies. For this essay three particular pieces of media spanning across decades, will be observed, all are centered on the themeRead MoreThe Issue Of The Island Territories Within The South China Sea And The Subsequent Buildup Of Naval Forces1347 Words   |  6 PagesThe Disputed Island Territories within the South China Sea and the Subsequent Buildup of Naval Forces The territorial disputes in the South China Sea have been a minor ongoing issue with multiple sovereign states, most notably Brunei, the Peoples Republic of China, the Republic of China, Malaysia, the Philippines and Vietnam, claiming overlapping territory in the Spratly Islands, Paracel Islands and the area around the Gulf of Tonkin. The overlapping claims began in 1876 with China’s earliest documentedRead MoreThe Development Of Chinese Popular Music And The Legend Pop Star Jay Chou1627 Words   |  7 Pages7/24 /2015 Introduction When talking about China, people from other countries associate China with the Great Wall, the Terracotta Warriors, the Summer Palace, other landmarks. Chinese music is as an important part of Chinese history and culture but it seldom mentioned when people think about China. The history of Chinese music has the same age as Chinese history and culture, even 1,300 years before the construction ofRead MoreThe Soviet Union s Puppet1377 Words   |  6 PagesThe Soviet Union’s Puppet â€Å"The only course for the Chinese people is to remain determined to go on fighting side by side with the Korean people†¦ However many years U.S. imperialism wants to fight, we are ready to fight right up to the moment of complete victory for the Chinese and Korean people,† Mao Zedong said on February 7, 1953. Before 1950, China had very little to do with North Korea. North Korea s Communist government was set up by its leader Kim Il Sung, with the help of the Soviet Union

Unemployment Poem Unemployment Summary - 1570 Words

Every poem constructs a perception for every reader and most readers will have a different outcome from one another. In the poem Unemployment, written by Fatimah Asghar, the author adds many hidden messages and symbols in the poems for the readers to uncover, and in a lot of times it tends to be difficult. Many poets will use their personal experiences to convey the message across to the audience. It is still difficult for readers to understand the poem right away, as many poetry are needed to be reread many times to understand the information that the poet is trying to get to the reader. In the poem Asghar uses her own personal experience or a experience of another women and makes symbols to depict a picture of what it like to love†¦show more content†¦Praise the lumpy back fat, the quiet cellulite, the tiger marks across your thighs, that even though you are starving, (Asghar 4-9) Even though the hair on her leg is not shaved or smooth as the standard in society for women she believe one should not care, but to accept it. More sheep than women is saying the hair on your body does not define who you are as a women, it is not to say Asghar do not believe in not self grooming but to embody what you are born with and not hate your own body for it is a gift. Fat and stretch marks give character to the individual s body and should not be looked down upon, but instead other women should encourage one of another from negative comments lowering one’s self esteem. Asghar justifies that people should love the skin they are born with instead of changing themselves to look better physically. What defines a person isn’t what’s on the outside but within. Asghar wants women to love themselves for what they have and not the superficial aspects of life. The definition of beauty is complex, everyone has their own definition of what beauty holds. There are advertisements on how a woman should look and many follow onto those beliefs. Women are too skinny, one part is too small, another part is too big, the perfect woman’s beauty that our society created is impossible and not achievable. Models that appear onShow MoreRelatedClancy of the Overflow vs in Town by Dyson1417 Words   |  6 Pages Firstly, I will give a brief summary on each document. ‘Clancy of the Overflow’, written by Banjo Patterson was an Australian ballad about a droving bushman and the imaginings of his rural lifestyle. It was first published in 1889 in the Bulletin; a newspaper that supported radical nationalist ideologies. The poem romanticizes country life and shuns life in the city. The second document was written in 1896 by Edward Dyson, and is entitled ‘In Town’. This poem was written in first person and expressesRead MoreSample Resume : Dublin City University Essay2132 Words   |  9 Pages HIS2 Tutor: Dr Barry Whelan Content Assignment Report Form 3 Essay 4 ?What were the causes and motivations behind the ?Scramble for Africa 4 Bibliography 11 Assignment Report Form ASSIGNMENT REPORT FORM Student Name: Anita Hilderink Summary of Performance* Performance Components Bands Excellent (H1) Marks range: 70-100% Very Good (H2.1) Marks range: 60-69% Good (H2.2) Marks range: 50-59% Fair (H3) Marks range: 40-49% Weak Marks range: 35-39% Poor Marks range:Read MoreApproaches to Reading and Literary Texts in Teaching English as a Foreign Language - Then and Now6307 Words   |  26 Pagesskills (OECD (2010), PISA 2009 Results: Executive Summary, pp. 3, 6-14). RiShawn Biddle (2010,  ¶1), the editor and publisher of Dropout Nation – a leading commentary website on education reform in the USA, points out that in the United States, boys drop out from schools as a result of their deficiency in reading comprehension. He adds that the deficiency in question in most cases leads to truancy, school drop-out and consequently to unemployment and crime in adult life. Reading comprehensionRead MoreA Brief Note On The Soviet Revolution Of Russia Essay9167 Words   |  37 Pages Country Notebook Of Russia By syed abdul ahad @01374849 Executive summary Russia was previously known as the Ussr , Ussr was a communist regime in which the government had held a lot of power and there were no free markets , it had major issues such as corruption this was shown in world war 1 under the czarist regime the failure of the Ussr led to the creation a Russia as we know today . The modern Russia is a thriving country with great technological advancements in nuclear physics , theRead MoreNatural Disasters Essay4748 Words   |  19 PagesExclusive summary: Nowadays, people around the world are affected by natural disasters. These may be caused by climate change such as drought, flood, and cyclone, the environment such as pollution, deforestation, desertification, pest infestation or combinations of these, or the destroy of ozone layer will contribute to the green house effect. Peoples homes are wiped out and livelihoods are destroyed. Poverty, population pressures and environmental degradation mean that increasing numbers of peopleRead MoreEssay on Judicial Precedent5387 Words   |  22 PagesQuestion 14, where Shakespeare was the only named example across the range of the arts. Lengthy answers did show the need to edit, with particular reference to concluding paragraphs. These should not be mere repetition of entire sentences but a summary of points made to demonstrate a balanced assessment, or the main thrust of opinion expressed and supported. Some essays contained long lists of questions. The single question can be an effective means of gaining attention, but if the techniqueRead MorePopulation Problem in Bangladesh14871 Words   |  60 PagesEnglish. In our boring television is our most favourite friend.10 Mutation of words is not the only factor that creates contradictions. Crass oversimplification of is another. The second sentence, below, probably once began with the word ‘avoiding’: Unemployment is a great social evil. It is imperative for the peace and prosperity of social life.11 Spellcheckers have sped up of the process of ‘correction’ of errors, and allowed it to be carried adding another sort of error to the mix: Measures should beRead MoreThe Effects of Conflict Management on Employee’s Performance10925 Words   |  44 PagesEuropean tourists as well as the unfavorable sex tourism found along most beach areas. Resulting to the sex trade Mombasa is challenged with a high prevalence of HIV/AIDS, while also dealing with severe issues of water pollution, waste management, unemployme nt, drug abuse and thousands of orphaned children due to the AIDS epidemic. [pic] Mombasa’s North beach Interms of geography and climate Mombasa being a coastal city is characterized by flat topology. The town of Mombasa is centered on Mombasa islandRead MoreLanguage of Advertising20371 Words   |  82 Pages Moscow - 2010 Summary The peculiarities of advertising language are the subject of this graduation paper. At the beginning, in the first chapter is given a general definition of advertising language, its history. The second chapter is types of advertising (consumerRead MoreA Picatrix Miscellany52019 Words   |  209 PagesA PicA Trix MiscellAny Underground Edition 2007 e.v. CONTENTS On the Picatrix I. Introduction to the Picatrix (The Aim of the Sage) of al-Majriti, Maslamati ibn Ahmad II. Summary of the Contents of the Picatrix III. Excerpt from a Lecture on Alchemy by Terence McKenna On the Moon and the Lunar Mansions IV. Extracts on the Moon V. The Mansions of the Moon: â€Å"On the Creation, Proportion and Composition of the Heavens for the Fashioning of Images† VI. The Picatrix: Lunar Mansions in Western Astrology

Integrity within American Business Organizations free essay sample

A look at how to restore confidence in the integrity of American business organizations. Using Enrons collapse as a background, this paper endeavors to arrive at the restoration of integrity within American business organizations. It scrutinizes the reasons for Enrons downfall in the light of the auditing business, looks at their law firms role in the collapse and Enrons lack of 401(k) diversification. The paper concludes with proposals for restoring integrity within the American business arena. The fallout from Enrons collapse will influence our business systems and economy for years, maybe even decades. More importantly, the collapse will shape the American business communitys psyche in ways we have only begun to imagine. Before its collapse, Enrons value rivaled Maylasias GDP: when an entity that large implodes, there are bound to be side effects and repercussions through almost every facet of the economy. The hardest hit sectors, of course, will be institutional investing and accounting and auditing practices: a thorough examination of how company 401(k) retirement funds are managed will be necessary to determine why so many aging working Americans suddenly lost almost every penny of their 401(k)s their hope and their familys hope for their retirement years, just around the corner when Enron collapsed. We will write a custom essay sample on Integrity within American Business Organizations or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Accounting companies who combine their services with consulting services not just Arthur Anderson: every accounting firm does it at least to a certain extent, Anderson just happened to get caught will need to be checked and after years of congressional grumbling, this time it may actually happen.

Porters five forces free essay sample

Porters five forces help identify their attractiveness in the industry in terms of the five competitive forces which are:The threat of entry: Barriers to entry are the factors that need to be overcome by the new entrance if they are to compete in the industry. Many pharmaceutical companies are progressing in the market by shifting from traditional business approach to emerging new business approach. The new business technique includes contract research (drug discovery and clinical trials), contract manufacturing and co-marketing alliance.The threat of substitutes: Substitutes are products or services that offer similar benefits to industries products or services by different process. Substitute can reduce demand for a particular product as customers switch to alternatives. The simple risk of substitution puts a cap on the prices that can be charged in an industry. Generic manufacturers do not incur the high cost involved in research and development and regulatory activities such as FDA approval and clinical trials. We will write a custom essay sample on Porters five forces or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The power of the buyers: Buyers are the organizations immediate customers, where buyers are powerful they can demand cheap prices or products improvements liable to reduce profits. When buyers can easily switch between one supplier and another they have strong negotiating position. Pharmaceutical industry has one unique feature that the buyer is different from influencer who is a doctor. The consumer has no option but to buy drug as prescribed by physician. Therefore, the bargaining power of patient is very low. The power of the supplier: Suppliers are those who supply the organizations with what they need to produce the products. Where just a few producers dominate supply, suppliers have more power over buyers. If it is expensive to move from one supplier to another the buyers become dependent and correspondingly weak.Competitive Rivalry: Due to increasing demand of high-quality drugs, low-to-moderate entry barrier to the new entrant, the presence of a number of large and small firm this market is highly competitive.2. The two external industry changes that might have affected companys profitability within the Pharmaceutical industry are :Political Regualtions: The global pharmaceutical industry is currently in a dynamic state due to the rise in the number of partnerships, mergers, and acquisitions that have taken place in the past few years. Therefore the political changes across the globe are set to make things more uncertain. This has a direct influence on the profits of a pharma company. The tax regulations, price control, drug regulations by government play a key role in deciding the profits of a firm.Economic Conditions: The well-being of the pharmaceutical industry is dependent largely on the economy. The main factor that affects the industry is employment because a majority of people receive health insurance through their employers. However, other economic factors such as the number of people who are uninsured or underinsured and the recent government stimulus plans also affect the industry.3. Pharmaceutical industry has always been an attractive industry. When the challenge of affording prescription drugs is raised, pharmaceutical manufacturers often argue that steps to reduce prices will lead to less innovation in the future. This response presumably applies to policies that use the market, such as shortening periods of exclusivity and making approvals of generics more rapid, as well as regulatory tools such as price controls.Pharmaceutical innovation has produced an enormous amount of social value. The evidence on this point is strong and comes from multiple sources. Studies of disease-specific spending on prescription drugs, macro-comparisons in the United States, and international comparisons have all pointed to high social returns with respect to longevity and functional health outcomes.Those benefits from pharmaceutical innovation stem in great measure from patent policy and the granting of marketing exclusivity to new drug products.Drug company profiteering is also on display when it comes to off-label prescriptions, which acc ording to Forbes accounts for nearly 20 percent of all prescriptions and brings in $40 billion in sales annually. Surely, these companies would remain enormously profitable by simply sticking to FDA-approved uses for their drugs. Porters Five Forces free essay sample Porter’s Five Forces which categories into 5 segments, is a modern competitive strategy to look at the larger value system of activities and actors in order to evaluate the potential of an industry and understand the effective competitive strategies. Suppliers and Buyers, and not only direct competitors, affect both how much value is created and who gets the share of the value created by the value system. Potential Entrants Unilever faces low threat of new entries since the market has been more or less gained Economies of Scale with a few of the big companies like PG, Kraft and Nestle. Wtih such barriers to entry, it makes new comers coming into the industry very difficult in terms of survival. High product differentiation enables Unilever to command a price premium while deterring new entrants since their customers recognized their brand names whereas start-up entrants are relatively unknown. Such industry is also capital intensive, requiring big amount of capital to operate. We will write a custom essay sample on Porters Five Forces or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Being capital intensive and existing high switching costs acts as the barriers to exit. Bargaining Power of Buyer With intensive rivalry for market share within the big companies within the industry, buyers had gained significant power in deciding which products of which company to choose from. Switching costs are low for buyers since they can easily find substitutes easily, for example a consumer can switch from using Persil Capsules to Ariel Liqui-Tabs (both are liquid detergent in the form of capsules, having Persil manufactured by Unilever and the later by PG.. Buyers incurred low costs in switching suppliers since they hold more power over them. Bargaining Power of Suppliers Unilever has a low supplier power since it has been believed that a brand manufactured by whichever company does not make a difference and it should not make a difference, because the retailer has to take a decision with regards what is best for their shopper and having brands on the shelves that do not sell does not do anything for the shopper, no matter who manufactured the product. Since, their business to business customers at the same time still preserve supplier-customer relationship; they too have powers over Unilever in deciding which products they choose to be placed on their shelves. Power of Substitutes With intense competition within the fast moving consumer goods industry by the few big companies, especially PG, with regards to Unilever’s Home Care and Oral Care products; substitution power of the consumers have increased tremendously. Although by having product differentiation has created chances for suppliers to command premium pricing, there may be a point where they would hit a saturation point whereby growth will slow down and branding becomes arguably the leading form of product differentiation. With the modern market flooded by all sorts of brands for both Home Care and Oral Care products, substitution is made common among consumers when they take pricing versus quality into consideration. At times in recession, price may make a bigger impact in consumer’s choice. Power of Other Stakeholders With the recent Melamine contamination case, health and food authorities all over the world has taken a stamp in reducing such health pact on its population by increasing their attention in checks on both Oral Care and Home Care products, even though they are not consumable products. Unilever is also accountable to the shareholders in maintaining a social responsible image. Higher restrictions from government bodies may mean higher cost of production in certain products which may require higher quality ingredients. More stringent checks may also mean a delay in shipments towards delivery schedules which results in customers dissatisfaction or shelf replacement lead time. Rivalry Among Existing Competitors Unilever is operating within the Fast Moving Consumer Goods industry which is mainly operated by a few large companies like Procter Gamble (PG), Kraft and Nestle. Zooming into just Home Care and Oral Care products, there is a fierce rivalry between Procter Gamble and Unilever. Both companies needed to compete against each other for a bigger piece of pie within the market. Porters Five Forces free essay sample Discuss Porter’s five forces theory of market competition. How does strategic group analysis provide a refinement to the five forces model? Key words here are: -discuss -Porter’s five forces -strategic group analysis -refinement of it(improve it yaani k extra benefits of strategic group analysis compared to five forces) Strategic decisions have always been a vital part of business as ever since their conception but the word strategy is barely mentioned pre 1960s. However, the concepts of strategy were linear and largely inefficient before the 1980’s and Micheal Porter’s contribution to modern businesses. He presented many theories and â€Å"models† on how to improve decision making and gain competitive advantage in the market. One of these models was the â€Å"five forces analysis of industry attractiveness† which said the â€Å"attractiveness† i. e. profitability of an industry or market is based on five factors which are: Threat of new entrants l Bargaining power of supplier Rival firms(competition) bargaining power of buyers l Substitute firms(if you make butter, they make margarine and might steal your customers) What this means is the industry should be judged or analyzed by viewing these five factors and comparing them to find out how profitably it can be. We will write a custom essay sample on Porters Five Forces or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The centre point of this seems to be the competition from similar firms in the industry and this depends on a certain factors like how differentiated or homogenous the firms are, more homogenized they are the more they are affected by the change in one firm e. g. similar soap making companies exist, selling at almost identical prices and market shares but suddenly one firm launches a half price deal for buying two soaps. The other firms will have to react with a similar deal or there is a serious threat to lose customers. Also changes in demand must be viewed as an increase in demand signifies higher potential for success. The second factor to analyze is threat of new entrants i. e. new companies starting up in your industry/market. This is different from competition as new entrants will not be as established or known as the current competing firms and they have to be competed with in different ways. The threat of new entrants depends on the barriers to entry and this will vary from industry to industry. For example in the catering business the barriers to entry will be fairly low as starting a small catering company will not require much capital or paperwork as compared to starting a nuclear power generation company, which will have many barriers to entry such as high capital, lengthy paperwork and rigid inspection, to name a few. Another factor is indirect competition from substitute firms who make products different to ours but they fulfill similar needs. An example would be butter and margarine or light bulbs and fluorescent tubes (tube light oi! . many times the demand will overlap but if the industry has little to no substitutes, the firm supplying to it can charge higher prices and vice versa if there were high substitutes available. The fourth factor to keep in mind is the bargaining power of suppliers. This means how much the firm can negotiate with the suppliers and this depends on various factors such as the availability of substitutes and how many clients they have and th eir percentages of sales will affect how much they can negotiate(how important of a customer they are) e. . firm A buys 80% of Firm B’s products so it will have more leverage in negotiating as compared to firm C who only buy 20%. Another factor affecting bargaining power of suppliers is how high the switching costs are, this is largely dependent on how differentiated or unique the supplier’s product is. Also the ability of the supplier to forward vertical merge(become direct competition) and the firm’s ability to backward vertical merge(become its own supplier) affects the bargaining power immensely. The last factor of the Five forces model is the bargaining power of buyers. This is similar to bargaining power of supplier but the roles are switched, and the firm is the supplier. The buyers have a high bargaining power when there are many firms producing the same products, i. e. high competition. Also if the buyers are buying larger quantities of a firms output they will have leverage in deciding prices. Also if the firm is largely dependent on the buyer such as the native craft ndustry in most countries is highly dependent on tourism, any change in tourism greatly affects them. Also similar to bargaining power of suppliers, if the buyers can backward vertical merge and secure their own supply easily, they will have more negotiating power. What the five forces model does is it’s a easy and relevant method to organize various chunks of information under one roof to be understood quickly. This helps in the development of competitive advantage as the managers begin to think of strategic decision making in a wider sense. It is best if the five forces model is used several times on various levels such as a different managers working on the analysis of the industry as a whole, a certain segment and then the industry as it will be 10 years in the future, and then use the three analysis to help in planning and/or decision making. Even though the five forces model is a strong management tool, it does have many limitations and should not be used as a stand-alone, step by step guide. The first of the limitations is that usually the model is used in a static manner, i. e. ow things are right now, and this limits the firm greatly and might not prepare it for change. Also its qualitative in nature, which is not a completely bad thing but it does make it very hard to measure anything and because of this it is very difficult on how to give importance to each factor as they will not always be equal in importance. Also the vastness of reality makes it hard to find out everything about everyone in the industry. The five forces model is also very paranoid in nature, discouraging every kind of risk , sharply cutting down most profitable options. This is mainly because the five forces model does not account for networks or alliances. However this does not mean the five forces analysis is a waste of time, in 1995 Mcgee, Thomas and Pruett proposed an improvement to the earlier model in several ways. They argued that in reality all businesses in any industry will have certain differences and in most industries every business was focusing on a certain â€Å"niche† or segment of a market, thus succeeding at profiting. This concept based off the five forces approach, analyzing the industry’s various factors mentioned in the five forces model. It addressed the basic idea of competitive strategy which is to offer a product/service to the market which has or is presumed by the market to an advantage over competitors. This can be done by satisfying a niche not previously satisfied by another product/service. For example low fat milk when it was not previously available. This approach states that the industry is divided in â€Å"strategic groups† and entry barriers exist WITHIN the industry in resulting in the strategic groups and keeping them from merging. Some of these factors are capital costs and legal barriers to entry(in the form of patents or legislation). A strong example of this is seen in pharmaceuticals and the automotive industry. Many small companies exist; even thrive in the presence of giant multinationals, all producing â€Å"medicine and transport devices† but satisfying different niches. According to Strategic group analysis a firm must not focus much outside of its strategic group as the other strategic groups won’t be strong enough threats compared to rival firms within the strategic group or new entrants within it. To put this in perspective we can look at the automobile industry, Mercedes should not be bothered about another company like Suzuki even though they both make cars. Mercedes is clearly defined as producing luxury high performance cars and Suzuki is clearly defined as economic, easy maintenance and affordable by most. Mercedes potential clientele won’t be affected by Suzuki as the products are for different needs, however Mercedes would have to keep an eye on other companies with similar luxury/high performance products (Audi, Rolls Royce etc). The strategic group analysis approach is almost identical to Porter’s Five Forces model as it too analyzes the industry, the competition, power of supplier/buyers etc, but it is more effective in real business situations because of its nature to focus down to the immediate strategic group. This shows a truer picture of the business world, especially where the products are more differentiated. It reduces some of the five forces â€Å"paranoia of risks† as indirect competition from other strategic groups is not focused on, making it easier for the managers to make profitable decisions thus making the five forces approach more relevant.

Useful Recommendations on Writing a Mathematics Term Paper

Useful Recommendations on Writing a Mathematics Term Paper Mathematics term papers differ from those that are concerned with a range of humanitarian sciences. Even though the standard structure of the academic papers that consists of the introduction, body, and conclusion elements is followed, there are still many nuances that should be considered while writing such a type of paper. At the same time, one should keep in mind that it is not only about explaining the concepts or theories in practice. The mathematics term paper can also be concerned with some easier topics, for instance, â€Å"The Contribution of Rene Descartes in Mathematics.† Importantly, all the mathematics term papers turn around the idea of logical narration, usage of specific language, regimented notation, and also mathematical symbols. In this mathematics term paper writing guide, you’ll find all the necessary information on how to write a term paper in Mathematics so that it will have success for you a researcher and the field in the whole. Move closer to successful mathematics term paper writing. Why Is It Important to Write a Mathematics Term Paper? Mathematics is one of the STEM disciplines, and it is possible to assume that the writing activity is not that important for those who deal with this subject. Nevertheless, the writing part is extremely helpful as it depicts how to express the ideas, state and prove the arguments, enhance own knowledge of maths. What is more, the process of term paper writing helps students to improve their knowledge as during the work there would be a need to do research, refresh some already-gained knowledge, and refer to the new sources. In case if the concepts used in writing were not explored before, the writing process would help retain these concepts that would be later learned in the math class. As it has already been mentioned, writing in Mathematics is not the same as writing papers on other subjects. In this case, one would need to show how well he or she understands a number of mathematical concepts, rules, and ideas. In such a way, a proper mathematical term paper would include the calculations with the appropriate and clear explanation. Otherwise, the writing would not make sense. The Choice of a Good Topic for Your Mathematics Term Paper Choosing the topic is one of the important stages in writing the paper. A writer who knows the topic also knows the directionÃ'Ž It means that it is easier to create the outline, structure the paper, search for some sources. At the same time, there are not so many topics to choose from due to the specifics of the subject. The students can be asked to do some research on the life and achievements of some renowned mathematicians, or some calculations followed by a detailed explanation, etc. Oftentimes, professors suggest a list of the themes so that students have nothing but choose the one that seems to be the most interesting or challenging for them. In case, if the professor lets students feel free in terms of the themes, it can be hard for someone to come up with a good topic. So, that person can simply go to the corresponding site and pick whatever topic one wants. Thus, some of the themes for the mathematics paper are as follows: The List of Topics in the History of Mathematics: The History of Zero Number; The Meaning of an Infinity Concept; Numbers in the Ancient Mythology; Differences in the Translations of Euclid; Math in the Military Sphere; Descartes Effect on the World of Mathematics. The List of Topics in Real-World Math: Math and Baseball; The Golden Ratio and Ideal Beauty; Irrational Numbers; Math and the Digital Camera; Boolean Searches and the Math of Googling. The List of Topics in Geometry: The Foundations of M.C. Escher Art; Logistics and Geometry; Crop Circles; Einstein and the Snowflake Game; How Geometry Changed the World. The same way as the term paper itself, the themes are to be clear and concise covering the main idea of the entire writing. How to Organize Mathematics Term Paper Writing in Math and Why It Matters? â€Å"Organization comes first† is the rule that a person should memorize for the rest of the studies and even lifetime. The given statement works in different environments and situations. Term paper writing is no exception! It is worthy to mention that the right organization, as well as arrangement, would help both the writer and the reader. Whether it is a professor or some other students, one has to be sure that everything that is written in the paper would be understood by others. Most likely, one has some books, maybe, scientific journals that would be helpful for the homework. Thus, one should lay all the available printed sources aside so that there was no turmoil when one of the sources is needed. Besides, one should think about the workplace. The environment and the atmosphere are to be considered as a researcher should feel comfortable while writing. What is more, there should be no distracting things, as well as noises. As a result of the right atmosphere during the process of writing, there would be a good, coherent, and comprehensible paper. The Importance of Outline Writing for Your Math Term Paper In such a way, as soon as the topic is chosen, it is high time to make an outline. Many students tend to consider it is a waste of time. However, the correctly-created outline becomes the base that guides the writer throughout the writing process. One can also say that a plan is the same thing as an outline. Before starting to write the draft version of the text, one should write down some key points that are needed to support the thesis statement. After the main ideas are noted, it is time to arrange them so that they are logically followed one by one making sense in the context of the entire paper. Thus, the outline helps one to see the points that would be later generated into the paragraphs. The Structure of the Term Paper in Mathematics The term paper, normally, consists of the abstract, introduction, body paragraph, and the conclusion. Both the introduction and conclusion take 20% of the paper: 10% for the introduction, and 10% for the conclusion accordingly. One should be equally attentive while working on the parts of the work. The introduction must be compact, include an effective thesis statement that is the last sentence. A well-written thesis statement would not be too general and would cover the main point of the entire writing. As for the conclusion, it restates the thesis and also mentions what things have been learned by the student. The body part is the most important one as it shapes the major work that is done by the students with all the arguments, key points, and proofs. The structure of the body paragraphs in math term paper is the same as in any other discipline. Thus, there should be a topic sentence followed by the explanation, supporting points, evidence, and examples if needed. Importantly, every paragraph should have at least one citation so that it is understood where the specific information comes from. In the body paragraphs, the students should demonstrate their ability to logically explain the idea noted in the topic sentence. The outside sources are needed to underpin the suggestion of the writer. The evidence can be represented by published trustworthy opinions, case studies, researches taken from books, scientific journals, or appropriate website, and also facts. Finally, all the paragraphs are interconnected and help to revolve the main idea of the paper. Thus, there cannot be a paragraph tha t is isolated from all the rest of the body parts. Transitions are crucial if the student wants to write a term paper that sounds good. With the help of the transitions that are included in the last sentence, the writer approaches the reader to the next paragraph. Therefore, transitions create the connection between all the parts of the paper’s body. Even though the abstract is the first part of the essay that comes right after the title page, it is better to write it after the term paper is completed, rearranged if needed, and revised. In addition to this, while rereading the entire work, one should find the three most important elements in the paper that are concerned with the thesis statement. Besides, students should be aware of the research question of the paper, the scope of the work, the conclusion, recommendations, and implications if these are noted in the paper. Below, one can see 5 tips for writing an excellent abstract. The Sources on the Page of Your Math Term Paper Writing As for the sources, there is one important thing to keep in mind: all the sources are to be credible in your term paper. In cases when a student is not sure whether the source is a good one, it is better to consult a professor. If the topic requires some considerable research work, the workbooks would not be enough. Therefore, one would have to surf the Internet for some time. While searching for some information on the web, one should be attentive and check whether it is a governmental, educational, or devoted to mathematical themes website. Here are some websites that can be helpful while writing the term paper in Mathematics: https://www.wolframalpha.com/examples/mathematics/ http://mathworld.wolfram.com/ https://www.geogebra.org/ sagemath.org/ http://maxima.sourceforge.net/ Later on, there would be a need to create a Page. To create a correct list of the used sources, one should take a look at the samples that can be found on the Purdue Owl website. Importantly, all the sources used in work are to be included in the page, as well as every author noted in the list of the sources, must be cited in the text. An Important Reminder for You A deliberate term paper is a smooth text that suggests some bulk of information in a logical form. It is critical that the writing does not include any repetitions. It is not a simple rule that is based on the professor’s desire to avoid the empty talk. One should obviate repetitions to create a readable and engaging text. As soon as some repeating ideas are found in work, an interested person can stop reading it. In addition to this, it is impossible to miss out that there are sometimes really complicated topics and a student could not be confident whether the calculations are correct. In such cases, it is better to consult someone to find out if everything is correct in the calculations. Consulting someone is not cheating as it also presupposes that the writer is also discussing the issue together with the mentor. What is more, if the calculations are important for the rest of the paper parts, it is better to find the problem at the start, than rewrite the entire paper later . Top Academic Writers Advise: Post-Writing Tips Essential for Your Mathematics Term Paper As the work is, finally, completed, one should not relax while there comes an equally important part of the writing process. Specifically, the reviewing part. It is advised that writer takes a break and only then checks the written work, however, considering the fact that it is the work in mathematics, it would better to review the writing the next day after it is completed. By doing this, the chances that the review is effective are higher. A standard review presupposes many aspects, including proofreading, paraphrasing, and rearrangement. When the students write a massive work, they are likely to make some mistakes in terms of grammar, calculations, or structure. Therefore, reviewing the term paper, one would be able to fix the mistakes so that the entire paper is readable. What is more, the structure of the completed paper can differ from the version that was outlined in the plan. It is a normal thing, and a student should simply rearrange the paper in the most appropriate way even if its structure considerably differs from the original variant of the writing. Paraphrasing also helps one omit the awkward parts of the paper. Now that you read this maths term paper writing guide, you’re ready to work on your term paper in Mathematics. Moreover, the chances to get high results in term paper writing are higher than they would be without reading this useful information. Believe in your power and create a powerful mathematics term paper!

Care of the child during the perioperative phase The WritePass Journal

Care of the child during the perioperative phase Introduction Care of the child during the perioperative phase IntroductionReferencesRelated Introduction This assignment will focus on the care of a two year old child throughout his time in the perioperative environment. It will begin with the preoperative assessment and provide any background information and history about this patient. This paper will then go through the theatre experience and what care this child received and why, such as the type of anaesthesia used, their surgery and the recovery of this patient up until they were discharged back to their ward. This assignment will underpin how a child’s anatomy is different to the adult anatomy and why this affects what care is given to children. This assignment will focus on the role of the operating department practitioner (ODP) and how they assist in providing care for this individual throughout their time in the operating theatre. It will touch on how the parents/guardians can be involved in some stages of this child’s care too. Various pieces of research from current debates, testimonies/policies, journal articl es, books and internet sources will be included. Furthermore, references to these sources of research will provide evidence of the decision making process in providing the necessary care for this particular patient. There are many differences between the anatomy of paediatrics and adults such as differences in size, anatomy, physiology, pharmacology and psychology Pescod (2005): Infants have larger heads that need to be stabilised during intubation. Their tongues are larger and their necks shorter, therefore their airways are more prone to obstruction than in adults. Infants and babies mainly breathe through their noses and therefore their nostrils are very small and easily obstructed too. A child’s larynx is located further forward and at a higher level relative to the cervical vertebrae compared to an adult. A child’s epiglottis is longer and U shaped compared the adult’s and also their trachea is quite short. When intubating children it is advised that both lungs be listened to using a stethoscope, this will ensure that the endotracheal tube is not only in one lung (Macfarlane 2006). In pre-pubescent children, the narrowest section of the airway is the cricoid ring and after puberty the narrowest part is then at the same level of the vocal cords. A complication caused by pressure from the endotracheal tube can be the production of a mucosal oedema and post extubation stridor. It is advised that pre-pubescent children should have an un-cuffed endotracheal tube and that the correct sized endotracheal tube is selected (Black 2008). Brown (2000) cited in Clarke (2010) states that infants have a higher metabolic rate and an increased oxygen consumption level compared to adults. De Melo (2001) cited in Clarke (2010) explains that this is why induction and emergence from anaesthesia in children is much quicker. Higher oxygen consumption means that infants will rapidly consume their oxygen reserves and become cyanotic if they are apnoeic. Higher oxygen consumption leads to a higher carbon dioxide production, which requires increased ventilation to remove it (Pescod 2005). Respiratory rates in children are faster due to paediatric lung immaturity and smaller lung volume reserves therefore paediatric breathing equipment is essential. Blood pressure is lower in children than adults because of low peripheral resistance (Krost et al 2006). Children have a relatively small blood volume, for example a 5kg infant will have a blood volume of only 400 ml (Macfarlane 2006). The World Health Organisation (WHO) (2005) states that infants are at a greater risk of cooling when exposed to a cold environment because the ratio of body surface area to body weight is much more than in older patients. Skin and subcutaneous fat is thinner, providing less insulation and greater heat loss. Temperature regulation is immature and infants must be kept warm. The operating theatre should be heated and the infant kept covered and intravenous fluids should be warmed. The differences in physiology of the infant will alter the effect of some drugs. Decreased renal and liver function results in certain drugs being excreted more slowly. The dosing interval should be increased to avoid toxicity (Pescod 2005). The minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of inhalational agents is greater in the young and decreases with increasing age. There is a smaller margin of safety between adequate anaesthesia and cardiovascular and respiratory depression in infants compared with adults. Both induction and recovery from inhalation agents is more rapid in children than adults (Pescod 2005). Preparation for surgery is paramount and evidence proves that it reduces associated stress and can even promote recovery. As a result of this evidence, many hospitals have a pre-admission preparation programme for patients including children who are due to undergo emergency or elective surgery (Chambers and Jones 2007). Preoperative assessment takes place in an outpatient clinic following with a nurse or a consultant no more than one month before admission to hospital. For emergency cases, the preoperative assessment is carried out shortly before the surgery takes place. In an evaluation on the effectiveness of a pre-assessment clinic for children undergoing day surgery at Oxford Radcliffe children’s hospital, Higson and Finlay (2010) concluded that pre-assessment clinics prove to be very effective. Pre-assessment clinics support surgical planning and aid everybody in preparation for the surgery from medical staff to the child and their family. These clinics also provide paren ts with information about the surgery, gives them a chance to present any fears or questions about the surgery and the well being of their children throughout the whole perioperative experience. It also helps them and their children prepare for admission. The National Health Service (NHS) (no date) state in a patient information leaflet that during a pre-assessment appointment, depending on the patient’s age, medical history and the nature of the operation, various routine investigations are performed. These may include blood tests, electrocardiogram’s (ECG’s), blood pressure and pulse monitoring and weight measurements. During the appointment the patient’s medical history and details of any medication being taken is recorded. The patient/family members will then have the opportunity to ask the nurses any questions about their operation and their stay in hospital. In another patient booklet the NHS (2004) state that the main aim of pre-assessment clinics are to assess the patient and ensure that they are fit for surgery. It also gains the patient’s consent for the operation and to confirm that the admission date is acceptable for them. Pre-operative assessment clinics also provide an opportunity to o rganise anaesthetic assessment if required. The child chosen to be studied for this assignment received scalds across his chest from a hot drink which he had accidentally pulled from a shelf at home. This child only received partial thickness burns and suffered pink and red, blistering burns. He received more than 10% burns and therefore was admitted as an in-patient. There was no evidence of respiratory distress. During the pre-operative assessment the parents were told what to expect so that they could prepare themselves and their child for the procedure. Patient history was gathered from the parents; however the child had no previous medical history. Their consent was also given for the child to receive surgery. The reason for the procedure was explained and the anticipated outcome, potential risks and benefits were also explained. It was also ensured that the child was medically fit for the operation. It is widely accepted that the child’s parents/carers be involved in all decisions affecting the treatment and care of the child and in the physical and psychological support of the child too (Chambers and Jones 2007). The surgical care of infants and children can present difficult ethical dilemmas. The nurse’s/ODP’s role involves acting as the child’s advocate and in supporting decision making together with the child and family. Basic ethical principles beneficence, nonmaleficence and justice should be applied. All actions should be of benefit to the child and family and ultimately do the child no harm. All individuals should be treated equally and with fairness and ethical decisions should be made with the involvement of the child and the family (Chambers and Jones 2007). During the pre-operative assessment appointment there was an opportunity for the child to become accustomed to to the environment, play with and become familiar to theatre equipment such as monitoring, stethoscopes and masks. It was checked that the child was in the best nutritional state possible as good nutrition will aid in healing wounds (Pescod 2005). According to WHO (2005) surgery may cause blood loss and the anaesthetic may affect oxygen transport in the blood. This child’s haemoglobin was checked to see if it was normal for the age of the child, it was ensured that the child’s blood was cross matched and that reserve blood transfusions were available in case of situations where anaemia must be corrected quickly. On the day of surgery during the preparation of paediatric airway equipment, it was ensured that the ODP assisting the anaesthetist had appropriate endotracheal tube sizes available, particularly one size smaller and larger than the tube intended for use. Because paediatric patients can deteriorate rapidly, an emergency intubation trolley was available providing a range of different sized paediatric equipment. This included small cannulae, guedel airways, nasal and oropharyngeal airways, bougies and stylets and Magill forceps. There were other various pieces of equipment available from the trolley too such as different sized endotracheal tubes and fibre optic laryngoscopes. It was ensured that all necessary equipment and monitoring were checked and available. Also drugs including emergency drugs were immediately available such as suxamethonium and atropine. Children have much smaller diameter airways than adults and it makes them susceptible to airway obstruction (Clarke 2010). This child was intubated as it helps to protect an airway during surgical procedures. It is recommended to have tubes one size bigger and smaller available. Prior to anaesthetic children may become very distressed and so having a parent or carer in the room is an advantage as it lessens the child’s level of anxiety. On this occasion, the child’s mother came into the anaesthetic room along with a member of staff from the children’s ward. The anaesthetist had already met the child and his mother and had developed a relationship. Communication is also essential between the anaesthetic assistant (or ODP) and the child and his parents to build up a relationship and rapport (Amin et al 2010). The parents were very concerned about the safety of their child so therefore any questions were answered honestly and truthfully with support and reassurance. Once the child had arrived in the anaesthetic room his details were checked and the consent was clarified with his parents. It was also confirmed that the child had an empty stomach prior to receiving a general anaesthetic and all allergies were noted (Pirotte and Veyckemans 2004). All of the pre-op checks were recorded on a theatre care plan which was devised to enable the correct recording and documentation of the care received by the child whist in theatre. It was compatible with the care plans used on the children’s ward so that continuity of care could be maintained (Pirie S 2011). Care plans are also a useful tool in recovery for use at handover to ensure that everything is communicated to the ward staff (Chambers and Jones 2007). Routine monitoring was attached and this gave an opportunity to play games with the child to ease tension whilst he became familiar with his surroundings. ECG was attached and a pulse oximetre placed on the child’s foot. The blood pressure was attached once the child was asleep. While the child remained seated on his mother’s lap and continued to play games he was anaesthetised by inhaling sevoflurane, a volatile anaesthetic agent together with nitrous oxide and oxygen through a mask which was held nearby to his face. Inhalational induction is an excellent technique for young children and/or children who fear needles (Macfarlane 2006). Once the child had lost consciousness, the parents returned back to the ward with the ward nurse. The ODP or anaesthetic assistant assisted in airway maintenance and ventilation whilst the anaesthetic cannulated the child. Once cannulation was achieved the child was given propofol intravenously and the child was intubated. Because children have an increased metabolic rate compared to adults, it was paramount that there was plenty of intravenous fluid available. Due to an interruption of normal fluid intake, replacement fluids were determined hourly, based on the child’s weight to provide maintenance fluid and to cover ongoing losses. Hartmann’s compound sodium lactate solution was selected instead of saline. It was ensured that too much intravenous fluid was not given through the use of a burette. Fluids were also heated through a warming device to a body temperature. Children lose heat more rapidly than adults because they have a greater relative surface area and are poorly insulated. This is important as hypothermia can affect drug metabolism, anaesthesia, and blood coagulation. Hypothermia was prevented ensuring that the air conditioning was switched off and the room was at the correct temperature of more than 28 ºC particularly for a child with burns. It was also important that there were not many or no exposed parts of the child. A heating blanket was used to cover the lower body of the patient and the child’s temperature was monitored throughout the operation via a nasal temperature probe. Throughout the surgery the child was continually examined and reviewed. His responses to pain medication, boluses of IV fluids, oxygen, and IV transfusions, where appropriate were monitored. A catheter was not inserted on this occasion due to the length of the operation. IV fluids given intravenously were closely monitored because of the risk of f luid overload leading to heart failure or cerebral oedema. Prior to the child entering the theatre it was paramount that the operating theatre was correctly prepared. Children are susceptible to pressure ulcers and prevention is essential. Chambers and Jones (2007) have clearly states that infants should be lying with their limbs in a neutral position so that nerves are not damaged during surgery. All monitoring leads and intravenous lines were not underneath or on top of the patient where they could cause damage, instead they were positioned alongside him and the breathing circuit was secured by a tube holder A team meeting was carried out where the anaesthetic team shared information about the patient such as his allergies and what the operation was about to entail. Prior to the commencement of surgery, the scrub nurse/ODP checked the consent form against the child’s name band with a circulating nurse. It was the scrub nurse’s/ODP’s duty to ensure that the child was not at any risk of harm from the weight of the drapes or surgical instrumentation being applied incorrectly or placed on top of the patient. It was also their duty to make sure all equipment such as instrument sets and dressings were available for this operation. The burnt skin was carefully cleaned; debrided and the blisters were pricked and dead skin removed. A thin layer of biobrane film was also applied and held in place with skin glue. Biobrane is a biosynthetic wound dressing constructed of a silicone film with a nylon fabric partially imbedded into the film (Smith and Nephew no date). It is a temporary skin covering which is used to aid the healing of superficial/partial thickness burn or scald injuries (Latenser and Kowal-Vern 2002). Biobrane acts as a temporary dressing that remains in place for up to two weeks or until the wound underneath has healed.  Biobrane helps to reduce levels of pain and discomfort for the patient, the need for painful dressing changes and may also lead to a reduction in scarring for the patient (NHS 2010) (Mandal 2007). In a randomised controlled trial by Kumar et al (2004) it was concluded that biobrane significantly reduces the time taken for partial thickness burns to heal. After the biobrane had been applied, a dressing was placed over the top to protect the biobrane and to help prevent any infections. Once the surgical operation had been completed, the child was transported to recovery. Children are generally recovered in a child friendly environment preferably away from adult patients. The recovery used for this child in the burns unit only contained one recovery bay and so there were no adult patients close by. Also the recovery staff trained in recovering paediatrics had notification of the child’s arrival and therefore all the specific paediatric equipment was prepared. This included paediatric breathing systems, non-invasive blood pressure cuffs, small face masks and airways. There was clear communication with the ward staff and family about the outcome of the operation, problems encountered during the procedure, and the expected postoperative course. The parents were notified of their child’s progress and encouraged to be with their child in recovery. This helps minimise any emotional trauma as soon as they are fully awake and suitably recovered. All vital sign s were monitored, the respiratory rate, pulse and a one off blood pressure was taken too, ensuring there were no abnormal readings (Fisher 2011). The Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists (ANZCA) (2005) cited in Baulch I (2010) explain that indicators of infants in pain can be observed in their behaviour and may include crying, and altered facial expressions and body movement. Infants may also display individual reactions such as withdrawal or fighting to alleviate their pain. Physiological changes may also be observed, with increases in blood pressure, heart and respiratory rate, and sweating. This child arrived into recovery having already received a lot of analgesic and so did not show any signs that he was experiencing pain. Once he had fully recovered from the anaesthesia the child was discharged back to the children’s ward with his parents. The ODP acts as an integral part of the team in the operating department working with surgeons, anaesthetists and theatre nurses to help ensure every operation is as safe and effective as possible. ODPs provide high standards of patient care and skilled support alongside medical and nursing colleagues during perioperative care. The care of children with burns requires a multidisciplinary team approach (Williams 2011). The best possible care of a child in the operating theatre requires psychological preparation, planning for each individual’s specific needs, and good communication between the child, family, the ward staff and the theatre nurses, with all the potential risks to the child being safely managed. Effective collaboration between families and the multidisciplinary team is imperative to the long term success of any surgery. The child and parent should always be kept well informed of the care plan and treatment at each stage. Families should be given a clear forecast of the outcome of the surgery, ensuring that expectations are realistic (Chambers and Jones 2007). References Amin A, Oragui E, Khan W and Puri A (2010) Psychosocial considerations of perioperative care in children, with a focus on effective management strategies. Journal of Perioperative Practice. 20 (6), pages 198 – 202 Baulch I (2010) Assessment and management of pain in the paediatric patient. Nursing Standard. 25 (10), pages 35 – 40 Black A (2008) Laryngospasm in paediatric practice. Paediatric Anaesthesia. 18 (4), pages 279 280 Chambers M and Jones S (2007) Surgical Nursing of Children. London: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann. Clarke S (2010) The differences of anaesthetic care in paediatrics compared to adults. Journal of Perioperative Practice. 20 (9), pages 334-338 Fisher S (2000) Postoperative pain management in paediatrics. British Journal of Perioperative Nursing. 10 (2), pages 80 – 84 Higson J and Finlay T (2010) Pre-assessment for children scheduled for day surgery. Nurse management. 17 (8), pages 32 38 Krost W, Mistovich J and Limmer D (2011) Beyond the basics: paediatric assessment. Available at: emsworld.com/print/EMS-World/Beyond-the-BasicsPediatric-Assessment/1$3346 Accessed on 23/04/11 Kumar R, Kimble R, Boots R and Pegg S (2004) Treatment of partial-thickness burns: A prospective, randomised trial using Transcyte. Australian and New Zealand (ANZ) Journal of Surgery. 74, pages 622 – 626 Latenser B and Kowal-Vern A (2002) Paediatric burn rehabilitation. Paediatric rehabilitation. 5 (1), pages 3 – 10 Macfarlane F (2006) Paediatric anatomy and physiology and the basics of paediatric anaesthesia. Available at: anaesthesiauk.com/documents/paedsphysiol.pdf Accessed on 21/04/11 Mandal A (2007) Paediatric partial-thickness scald burns – is Biobrane the best treatment available? International Wound Journal. 4 (1), pages 15 19 North Bristol NHS Trust (2010) Your child’s biobrane. Bristol: North Bristol NHS Trust Northern Devon Healthcare NHS Trust (no date) About Surgical Pre-assessment Clinic. Devon: Northern Devon Healthcare NHS Trust Northern Lincolnshire and Goole Hospitals NHS Trust (2004) Welcome to the Pre-Assessment Unit: Department of Surgery. Northern Lincolnshire: Northern Lincolnshire and Goole Hospitals NHS Trust Pescod D (2005) Paediatric anatomy and physiology and pharmacology. Available at: developinganaesthesia.org/index2.php?option=com_contentdo_pdf=1id=48 Accessed on 21/04/11 Pirie S (2011) Documentation and record keeping. Journal of Perioperative Practice. 21 (1), pages 22 – 27 Pirotte T and Veyckemans F (2004) Preparation of the paediatric patient. Acta anaesthesiologica Belgica. 55, pages 1 – 6 Smith and Nephew (no date) Biobrane: Biosynthetic wound dressing. Available at: http://wound.smith-nephew.com/uk/node.asp?NodeId=3562 Accessed on 18/04/11 Williams C (2011) Assessment and management of paediatric burn injuries. Nursing Standard. 25 (25), pages 60 68 World Health Organisation (2005) Pocket book of Hospital care for children: Guidelines for the management of common illnesses with limited resources (1st edition). WHO Press: Hong Kong

Industrial hygiene Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Industrial hygiene - Case Study Example c among many others, an industrial hygienist therefore ensures the safety of the employees at a place of work by ensuring that the risks presented by the above hazards do not materialize at the place of work. The goal of industrial hygiene is to prevent both industrial diseases and industrial accidents both of which incapacitate the employees thereby causing immense inconveniences in their productivity. In doing this, industrial hygienists use a number of scientific techniques including exposure assessment, risk management, and industrial safety among others. The profession employs rigorous and stringent methodologies that often require professional judgments based on both experience and education in its determination of the potential exposures to hazardous environments. In doing this, the professionals implement safe procedures, systems and methods of completing tasks in a company. I. A professional hygienist conducts effective health programs in a governmental organizational or an industrial plant with the view to recognizing, eliminating and controlling the occupational hazards and diseases. The hazards may arise from either the working environment or the nature of the work. As such, the professional collects various samples including vapors, dusts and gases among other materials that may possess a level of toxicity for in-depth analysis in laboratories. After the scientific analyses, the professional makes recommendations depending on the level of the risks that the materials present to the employees thus making the place of work safer for the employees. II. A professional hygienist investigates the sufficiency of the exhaust equipment installed in a company, lighting and ventilation among other features that may risk the health of the employees. In measuring the efficiency of such facilities, the professional considers the number of the employees in the organizations and determines the ability of the resources to safeguard the health of the employees. This

Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (1993) Assignment

Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (1993) - Assignment Example Regarding this issue, was the court’s mandate in determining the general standard for the admittance of expert scientific testimony, in the case of a federal trial. As the petitioners, Jason Daubert and Eric Schuller were minors born with serious birth defects. Their parents on behalf of the two, sued the respondent, alleging the cause of the defects to be attributable to their mother’s ingestion of Bendectin. As a prescription anti-nausea drug, marketed by the respondent, they were of the view that the entity was liable for criminal neglect amongst other irregularities. This necessitated research studies which eventually led to the lack of direct linkage between the drug and birth defects in human beings. The respondent showcased an affidavit, from a renowned leading expert on various risks associated to exposure to different chemical substances. He was of the view that the drug was not associated with any form of defects, with no study having found it is having the characteristics of a human teratogen. Consequently, he viewed maternal utility of the drug, during the first pregnancy trimester, as not showing any risk factors for human birth defects. The petitioners, not contesting the aforementioned published details, instead respond to the motion by way of utilizing the testimony of eight experts, working for the firm. They did earlier on come to the conclusion that the drug can cause birth defects. Basing their conclusions on both ‘in vivo’ (live) and ‘in vitro’ (test tube) animal studies, a link was found, between the drug and resultant malformations. In addition, was the aspect that pharmacological studies, in regard to the drug’s chemical structure; purported to show similarities to that of other substances that were known to cause birth defects. Last, was the fact that ‘reanalysis’ of previously published epidemiological (human statistical) studies, further portrayed the lack of conclusiveness; in regard to matters pertaining chemical

Importance of Literature Essay Example for Free

Importance of Literature Essay Literature is the foundation of life. It places an emphasis on many topics from human tragedies to tales of the ever-popular search for love. While it is physically written in words, these words come alive in the imagination of the mind, and its ability to comprehend the complexity or simplicity of the text. Literature enables people to see through the lenses of others, and sometimes even inanimate objects; therefore, it becomes a looking glass into the world as others view it. It is a journey that is inscribed in pages, and powered by the imagination of the reader. Ultimately, literature has provided a gateway to teach the reader about life experiences from even the saddest stories to the most joyful ones that will touch their hearts. From a very young age, many are exposed to literature in the most stripped down form: picture books and simple texts that are mainly for the sole purpose of teaching the alphabet etc. Although these are not nearly as complex as an 800-page sci-fi novel, it is the first step that many take towards the literary world. Progressively, as people grow older, they explore other genres of books, ones that propel them towards curiosity of the subject, and the overall book. Reading and being given the keys to the literature world prepares individuals from an early age to discover the true importance of literature: being able to comprehend and understand situations from many perspectives. Physically speaking, it is impossible to be someone else. It is impossible to switch bodies with another human being, and it is impossible to completely understand the complexity of their world. Literature, as an alternative, is the closest thing the world has to being able to understand another person whole-heartedly. For stance, a novel about a treacherous war, written in the perspective of a soldier, allows the reader to envision their memories, their pain, and their emotions without actually being that person. Consequently, literature can act as a time machine, enabling individuals to go into a specific time period of the story, into the mind and soul of the protagonist. With the ability to see the world with a pair of fresh eyes, it triggers the reader to reflect upon their own lives. Reading a material that is relatable to the reader may teach them morals and encourage them to practice good judgement. This can be proven through public school systems, where the books that are emphasized the most tend to have a moral-teaching purpose behind the story. An example would be William Shakespeare’s stories, where each one is meant to be reflective of human nature – both the good and bad. Consequently, this can promote better judgement of situations, so the reader does not find themselves in the same circumstances as perhaps those in the fiction world. Henceforth, literature is proven to not only be reflective of life, but it can also be used as a guide for the reader to follow and practice good judgement from. The world today is ever-changing. Never before has life been so chaotic and challenging for all. Life before literature was practical and predictable, but in present day, literature has expanded into countless libraries and into the minds of many as the gateway for comprehension and curiosity of the human mind and the world around them. Literature is of great importance and is studied upon as it provides the ability to connect human relationships, and define what is right and what is wrong. Therefore, words are alive more than ever before.

The Character of Mrs. Ramsay in To The Lighthouse Essay -- To The Ligh

The Character of Mrs. Ramsay in To The Lighthouse Virginia Woolf's novel, To The Lighthouse, is full of symbolism that describes the surroundings and the life of Mrs. Ramsay who is the central character. She helps to bring the world out of chaos and darkness with her positive nature and by being the source of light for the other characters. She is also a peacemaker, beautiful, maternal, and almost divine. Mrs. Ramsay's first word in the novel is "yes" which reflects her affirmative and positive nature. Throughout the novel, her character and spirit is connected to light, which is universally a positive symbol. The other characters associate her with light through implied juxtaposition because she brought positive energy to everybody who knew her. An example is Paul who after being told by Mrs. Ramsay that she believed in him felt his situation was turned around in a better way. "He would go to her and say, "I've done it, Mrs. Ramsay; thanks to you." And so turning into the lane... The house was all lit up, and the lights after darkness made his eyes feel full, and he said to himself childishly, as he walked up the drive, Ughts, lights, lights." (p.78) By being the symbol of light, Mrs. Ramsay also brings things from chaos into order. This can be seen with her desire to be organized. The house was always organized such as if she left a brush or comb on a dressing table, she expected it to still be there the next time she looked for it. (p. 136) The characters' world is filled with chaos, examples being that the setting is during WWI and that the lighthouse was being taken over by nature until Mrs. Ramsay put it back into order. The order that she brought with her contrasts to the disorder that came about af... ...ck into stability. Life stand still here, Mrs. Ramsay said. "Mrs. Ramsay! Mrs. Ramsay!" she repeated. She owed it all to her." Another example of Mrs. Ramsay's kindness is when James is on the boat with his father, Mr. Ramsay: "[Mrs. Ramsayl alone spoke the truth; to her alone he could speak it. That was the source of her everlasting attraction for him, perhaps. She was .a person ~ whom one could say what came into one's .head~" (p. 187) She is a person who put others before her. Mrs. Ramsay's character is so divine that it is unreal. She spends most of her time shining the light on for everybody else that she hides her own personal needs to herself. She takes the world out of chaos, but there might have been chaos going on inside of her and nobody knew about it, so they could not help her. Perhaps that was the reason of Mrs. Ramsay's unexpected death.

Hwa Tai Industries Berhad: SWOT Analysis & Company Profile Essay

Description: Synopsis Business Review’s Hwa Tai Industries Berhad contains a company overview, key facts, locations and subsidiaries, news and events as well as a SWOT analysis of the company. A few sections/chapters might not have sufficient information as the data might not be available on the public domain Summary This SWOT Analysis company profile is a crucial resource for industry executives and anyone looking to quickly understand the key information concerning Hwa Tai Industries Berhad’s business. Business Review’s â€Å"Hwa Tai Industries Berhad: SWOT Analysis & Company Profile† reports utilize a wide range of primary and secondary sources, which are analyzed and presented in a consistent and easily accessible format. Business Review strictly follows a standardized research methodology to ensure high levels of data quality and these characteristics guarantee a unique report. Scope – Examines and identifies key information and issues about (H wa Tai Industries Berhad) for business intelligence requirements. – Studies and presents Hwa Tai Industries Berhad’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities (growth potential) and threats (competition). Strategic and operational business information is objectively reported. – The profile contains business operations, the company history, major products and services, prospects, key competitors, key employees, locations and subsidiaries. Reasons To Buy – Quickly enhance your understanding of the company. – Obtain details and analysis of the market and competitors as well as internal and external factors which could impact the industry. – Increase business/sales activities by understanding your competitors’ businesses better. – Recognize potential partnerships and suppliers. – Obtain yearly profitability figures. Key Highlights Hwa Tai Industries Berhad (Hwa Tai) is an investment holding company, which through its group companies, is principally engaged in manufacturing of confectionery. The product portfolio of the company includes cookies, biscuits, crackers, cakes, cream sandwich, and snacks. The company operates its business through three reportable business segments, namely, Manufacturing segment, which is engaged in manufacturing of confectionery products; Trading segment is engaged in trading and distribution of its products; and Other segment. Hwa Tai markets its products under various brands such as HWA TAI, LUXURY, SALAM, Siang Siang, Duchess, D’Cream, Sesamio, Naiyu Jagung, U-Lite, D’licious, Melky, D’Layer, CrackerPlus, Choice, Love, PESTA, Wonderful, D’Lite, and Always. Hwa Tai is headquartered in Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia. Contents: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Hwa Tai Industries Berhad – Company Overview Hwa Tai Industries Berhad – Key Facts Hwa Tai Industries Berhad – Business Description Hwa Tai Industries Berhad – Major Products and Services Hwa Tai Industries Berhad – History Hwa Tai Industries Berhad – SWOT Analysis 6.1. SWOT Analysis – Overview 6.1.1. Hwa Tai Industries Berhad – Strengths 6.1.2. Hwa Tai Industries Berhad – Weaknesses 6.1.3. Hwa Tai Industries Berhad – Opportunities 6.1.4. Hwa Tai Industries Berhad – Threats 7. Hwa Tai Industries Berhad – Key Competitors 8. Hwa Tai Industries Berhad – Key Employees 9. Hwa Tai Industries Berhad – Key Employee Biographies 10. Hwa Tai Industries Berhad – Company Statement 11. Hwa Tai Industries Berhad – Locations and Subsidiaries 11.1. Head Office 11.2. Other Locations & Subsidiaries 12. Hwa Tai Industries Berhad – Financial Ratios 12.1. Financial Ratios – Capital Market Ratios 12.2. Financial Ratios – Annual Ratios 12.3. Financial Ratios – Interim Ratios 12.4. Financial Ratios – Ratio Charts 13. Hwa Tai Industries Berhad – Share Data 14. Appendix 14.1. Methodology 14.2. Ratio Definitions 14.3. Disclaimer List of Tables Table 1: Hwa Tai Industries Berhad Key Facts Table 2: Hwa Tai Industries Berhad Major Products and Services Table 3: Hwa Tai Industries Berhad History Table 4: Hwa Tai Industries Berhad Key Employees Table 5: Hwa Tai Industries Berhad Key Employee Biographies Table 6: Hwa Tai Industries Berhad Subsidiaries Table 7: Hwa Tai Industries Berhad Locations Table 8: Hwa Tai Industries Berhad, Ratios Based On Current Share Price Table 9: Hwa Tai Industries Berhad, Annual Ratios Table 10: Hwa Tai Industries Berhad, Interim Ratios Table 11: Hwa Tai Industries Berhad, Share Data Table 12: Ratio Definitions List of Figures Figure 1: Hwa Tai Industries Berhad, Ratio Charts Ordering: Order Online – http://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/1564522/ Order by Fax – using the form below Order by Post – print the order form below and send to Research and Markets, Guinness Centre, Taylors Lane, Dublin 8, Ireland. Page 1 of 2 Fax Order Form To place an order via fax simply print this form, fill in the information below and fax the completed form to 646-6071907 (from USA) or +353-1-481-1716 (from Rest of World). 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A Comparison Of Wastewater Treatment Methods Environmental Sciences Essay

Water constitutes over 70 % of the Earths surface and is a really of import resource for all people and the environment. If H2O gets polluted it cant be the elixr of life any longer to aquatic and to the wild life that depend on it. Rivers and watercourses polluted with chemical contaminations account as one of the most important environmental jobs. Water pollution is fundamentally a human fallacy.This used H2O is called â€Å" effluent † . Turning population and rapid industrialization has increased the volume of effluent manifold finally deteriorating the fresh H2O resources and environing environment due to inappropriate management.It is 99.94 per centum H2O, with merely 0.06 per centum of the effluent being dissolved and suspended solid stuff. Infiltration/inflow: immaterial H2O that enters the cloaca system through indirect and direct agencies such as through leaking articulations, clefts, or porous walls.Inflow is storm H2O that enters the cloaca system from storm drain connexions, roof headings, foundation and cellar drains or through manhole screens ; Features: Fresh, aerophilic, domestic H2O has been said to hold the smell of kerosine or newly turned Earth. Aged, infected sewerage is well more violative to the olfactory nerves.The characteristic rotten-egg smell of H sulphide and the mercaptans is declarative of infected sewage.Fresh sewerage is typically gray in colour.septic sewerage is black.The category of chemical compounds found in effluent are illimitable and so they are better known by the name of the trial used to mensurate them which are BOD5 and COD test.Industrial procedures generate a broad assortment of effluent pollutants.The features and degrees of pollutants vary significantly from industry to industry. Waste-water quality is assessed based on physical, chemical, and biological features. Physical parametric quantities include coloring materials, smell, temperature, and turbidness. Insoluble contents such as solids, oil and lubricating oil, are to be considered under this category.. Solids may be farther subdivided into suspended and dissolved solids every bit good as organic ( volatile ) and inorganic ( fixed ) fractions. Chemical factors to be considered are: biochemical O demand ( BOD ) , chemical O demand ( COD ) , entire organic C ( TOC ) , and entire O demand ( TOD ) . Inorganic chemical parametric quantities include salt, hardness, pH, sourness and alkalinity, every bit good as concentrations of ionised metals such as Fe and manganese, and anionic entities such as chlorides, sulphates, sulphides, nitrates and phosphates. Bacteriological parametric quantities include coliforms, fecal coliforms, specific pathogens, and viruses. Both components and concentrations vary with clip a nd local conditions.VARYING FLOW Issue:Waste-water flow fluctuates with fluctuations in H2O use, which is affected by a battalion of factors including clime, community size, life criterions, dependableness and quality of H2O supply, H2O preservation demands or patterns, and the extent of metre services, in add-on to the grade of industrialization, cost of H2O and supply force per unit area. Wide fluctuations in effluent flow rates may therefore be expected to happen within a community Effluent does non flux into a municipal effluent intervention works at a changeless rate. The flow rate varies from hr to hr. In most metropoliss, the form of day-to-day activities sets the form of sewerage flow and strength. Above-average sewerage flows and strength occur in mid-morning.The invariably altering sum and strength of effluent to be treated makes efficient procedure operation difficult.Also, many intervention units must be designed for the maximal flow conditions encountered which really consequences in their being oversized for mean conditions.Flow equalisation is non a intervention procedure in itself, but a technique that can be used to better the effectivity of both secondary and advanced effluent intervention processes.The intent of flow equalisation is to stifle the fluctuations so that the effluent can be treated at a about changeless flow rate.Flow equalisation can significantly better the public presentation of an bing works and increase its utile capacity.In ne w workss, flow equalisation can cut down the size and cost of the intervention units. Wastewater intervention options may be classified into groups of procedures harmonizing to the map they perform and their complexness: The basic methods of handling municipal effluent autumn into the undermentioned phases, which is shown in the signifier of block flow: The procedure flow diagram of a basic effluent intervention procedure is as follows:Conventional WASTEWATER TREATMENT PROCESSES:General footings used to depict different grades of intervention in order of increasing intervention degree are preliminary, primary, secondary and third and/or advanced effluent intervention.Preliminary intervention:Preliminary intervention prepares waste-water influent for farther intervention by cut downing or extinguishing non-favourable waste-water features that might otherwise impede operation or overly increase care of downstream procedures and equipment. These features include big solids and shreds, scratchy grit, smells, and, in certain instances, intolerably high extremum hydraulic or organic burdens. Preliminary intervention processes consist of physical unit operations, viz. testing and comminution for the remotion of dust and shreds, grit remotion for the riddance of coarse suspended affair, and floatation for the remotion of oil and lubricating oil. Other preliminary intervention operations include flow equalization, septage handling, and odour control methods.Primary Treatment:Primary intervention is designed to take organic and inorganic solids by the physical procedures of deposit and flotation. About 30 – 40 % of the pollutants are removed from the waste Waterss. Primary intervention acts as a precursor for secondary intervention.Secondary intervention:The intent of secondary intervention is the remotion of soluble and colloidal organics and suspended solids that have escaped the primary intervention. This is typically done through biological procedures, viz. intervention by activated sludge, fixed-film reactors, or laguna systems and deposit. Chemical intervention utilizes a coagulator such as Fe or aluminium.Then solid organic affair and P are precipitated into larger pieces which are separated as sludge. Suspended solids removal through chemical intervention involves a series of three unit operations: rapid commixture, flocculation and settling..A once-through chemical intervention system is shown below the tabular array. Advantage: greater remotion efficiency, the feasibleness of utilizing higher overflow rates, and more consistent public presentation. On the other manus, curdling consequences in a larger mass of primary sludge that is frequently more hard to inspissate and dewater. It besides entails higher operational costs and demands greater attending on the portion of the operator.Adsorption WITH ACTIVATED CARBONAdsorption is the procedure of roll uping soluble substances within a solution on a suited interface. In waste-water intervention, surface assimilation with activated carbon-a solid interface-usually follows normal biological intervention, and is aimed at taking a part of the staying dissolved organic matter.Particulate affair nowadays in the H2O may besides be removed.. The two most common types of activated C are farinaceous activated C ( GAC ) , which has a diameter greater than 0.1 millimeter, and powdered activated C ( PAC ) , which has a diameter of less than 200 mesh. A schematic of an activated C contactor is shown below the tabular array. Advantage: Exploitation powdered activated C in concurrence with traditional biological intervention provides first-class outflowing bio-assay consequences, provides for toxicity control within the bioreactor, and proA ­motes higher nitrification efficiency than that of a conventional activated-sludge system.CWAOOxidation is a procedure widely used for effluent intervention by which the pollutants are removed or converted into more biodegradable substances. Catalytic moisture air oxidization ( CWAO ) is a liquid stage reaction between organic stuff in H2O and O. CWAO is an attractive intervention for waste watercourses, which are excessively dilute to incinerate and excessively concentrated for biological intervention. It can be defined as the oxidization of organic and inorganic substances in an aqueous solution or suspension by agencies of O or air at elevated temperatures and force per unit areas. It is besides called flameless burning Typical conditions for CWAO scope from 125 to 300a- ¦C and at force per unit areas from 0.5 to 20 MPa. Residence times may alter from 15 to 120 min, and the chemical O demand ( COD ) remotion may typically be about 75-90 % .DECHLORINATIONDechlorination is the remotion of free and entire combined Cl residue from chlorinated effluent wastewater before its reuse or discharge to having Waterss. Chlorine compounds react with many organic compounds in the wastewater to bring forth unsought toxic compounds that cause long-run inauspicious impacts on the H2O environment and potentially toxic effects on aquatic microorganisms. Beginning: Adapted from Liu and Liptak, Wastewater Treatment ACTIVATED CARBON CONTACTOR: Beginning: Metcalf and Eddy, Wastewater Engineering, 3rd edition.Comparison OF CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL IN WASTEWATER:Factor BIOLOGICAL PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL CHEMICAL PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL EFFLUENT QUALITY Biological P remotion was observed to make a lower limit of 0.4mg/l in the wastewater Chemical P remotion was observed to make whatever outflowing quality demand as more and more chemicals are dosed SLUDGE PRODUCTION ( The production of sludge is considered as a really of import factor in the pick of a effluent intervention method presents ) Sludge production is less compared to chemical method. Chemical P remotion produces more sludge, approximately 25 % more sludge than by biological agencies. NEEDED PLANT VOLUME As the volume of the anaerobiotic zone of the Bio -P procedure is reduced, there are alterations in the outflowing quality and the efficiency of P remotion is reduced The decrease of the volume of the anaerobiotic zone has no effects on the chemical P remotion Consumption OF ENERGY It was possible to cut down the capacity of the aeration device down to 1000kg O2/hr and still hold good intervention consequences in footings of COD and nitrogen remotion in the Bio-P process.Beyond this bound ( less than 100kg O2/hr ) COD and the Nitrogen in the wastewater are excessively high. Same sum of COD and Nitrogen in the wastewater is observed at 500kgO2/hr.So chemical method is more immune to decrease in aeration capacity than the Bio-P procedure by atleast 500kgO2/hr aeration capacity. ECONOMIC COST OF TREATMENT ) Annual cost for sludge disposal is saved by Bio-P compared to chemical method. The cost of buying chemicals is high and no nest eggs with respect to sludge disposal compared to Bio-P remotion. The economic cost of intervention has been evaluated based on a summing up of the single costs associated with sludge production, cost of chemicals, energy cost and costs associated to volume nest eggs. The purpose of an economic cost is non to reflect the exact fiscal cost but an estimation that could be used as a guideline for the building of a new works or for comparing of the two procedures. Discussion: Chemical VS BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT: Biological procedure removes solid organic affair and dissolved organic affair. The chemical procedure removes solid organic affair and phosphorus.Chemical precipitation cleans the H2O really quickly, say in less than 15mins after the induction of the procedure, we have clean H2O, whereas with biological intervention it will take 3 hour to accomplish the same.Biological procedure stopping points relatively long clip and is dependent on the effectivity of the microorganisms.Chemical and Biological interventions work in different ways and accomplish different results.We have to find the major causes of O lack in Waterss and choose the intervention in conformity with local environmental requirements.Purification in itself demands resources.Biological intervention requires a long abode clip and energy is consumed when air is blown into the sewerage water.Consequently the Biological works is large and more complex.The micro-organisms have to be adapted to the pollution which sensitises th e whole system.Chemical purification requires add-on of coagulators which is done in a little pool and at lower energy consumption.The entire energy used for chemical intervention is merely 15 % of that required for biological intervention, even if the energy used for production and distribution of coagulators is included.In footings of the entire ecological emphasis, the chemical procedure is favoured.Life rhythm appraisals show the biological procedure to be a larger consumer of resources and therefore it is more negative interms of its full environmental impact.If there is no demand to take dissolved organic affair a biological procedure could make greater ecological harm than chemical procedure due to the entire energy ingestion and the natural stuffs used when building the works. The environment makes demands on the purification procedure and if advanced purification is necessary both biological and chemical methods must be used..In Norway, the bing chemical works built wholly within bedrock was extended with the N remotion system due to the increased food load.With the alone combination of chemical and biological procedures this works occupies less than half the volume of the conventional biological procedure. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS: Effective effluent aggregation and intervention are of great importance from the point of view of both environmental and public wellness. Any effluent intervention works needs important investing and Operation Maintenance and control, and hence any determination to implement such a installation should be carefully considered. It is non a good thought to reason that any intervention method is better than the other.Each one has its ain advantages and disadvantages.The pick of which method is to be used will depend on the society, the discharge demands and the costs they are ready to incur.As a concluding decision, the winning construct these yearss should non be based on which procedure should be used in isolation to the other, but instead utilizing the advantages of both processes together to obtain best consequences, while at the same clip understating their disadvantages. Extensive research activity in this field has led to important betterment and variegation in the procedures and methods used for waste-water intervention and sludge direction. Public wellness jeopardies are frequently associated with waste-water reuse, and accordingly it is indispensable to circulate cognition and information about the danger of natural waste-water reuse and issue safe reuse guidelines.